Hainardia Greuter
Named after P. Hainardi, phytogeographer and colleague of Greuter.
Including Monerma (Willd.) Coss. & Dur.
Habit, vegetative morphology. Annual; caespitose. Culms 5–40(–47) cm high; herbaceous; branched above; 2–5 noded. Culm nodes exposed; glabrous. Culm internodes solid. Young shoots intravaginal. Leaves not basally aggregated; non-auriculate. Sheaths keeled or not, terete to inflated. Leaf blades linear; narrow; 1.5–2.5 mm wide; flat, or rolled (convolute); without cross venation; persistent; an unfringed membrane; truncate; (0.2–)0.6–1 mm long.
Reproductive organization. Plants bisexual, with bisexual spikelets; with hermaphrodite florets. The spikelets of sexually distinct forms on the same plant (with rudiments at the base of the spikelet), or all alike in sexuality; hermaphrodite, or hermaphrodite and sterile.
Inflorescence. Inflorescence a single spike (with a hard, cylindrical, articulated rachis, the spikelets embedded in alternate notches). Rachides hollowed (notched). Inflorescence espatheate; not comprising ‘partial inflorescences’ and foliar organs. Spikelet-bearing axes disarticulating; disarticulating at the joints. Spikelets solitary; not secund; distichous.
Female-fertile spikelets. Spikelets 4–8 mm long; adaxial (with reference to the missing G1); compressed dorsiventrally; falling with the glumes. Rachilla prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret; the rachilla extension with incomplete florets, or naked. Hairy callus absent. Callus absent.
Glumes one per spikelet (in all but the two-glumed terminal spikelet, the leathery G2 alone is present and covers the hollow of the rachis); relatively large (firm); long relative to the adjacent lemmas; dorsiventral to the rachis; hairless; pointed (acuminate); awnless; non-carinate. Upper glume 3–7(–9) nerved (the nerves raised). Spikelets with female-fertile florets only, or with incomplete florets. The incomplete florets when present, distal to the female-fertile florets. The distal incomplete florets 1; merely underdeveloped (rudimentary). Spikelets without proximal incomplete florets.
Female-fertile florets 1. Lemmas lanceolate; less firm than the glumes (membranous); not becoming indurated; entire; pointed; awnless; hairless; non-carinate; 3(–5) nerved; with the nerves non-confluent (the laterals short). Palea present; relatively long; entire to apically notched; awnless, without apical setae; thinner than the lemma (hyaline); not indurated; 2-nerved; weakly 2-keeled. Palea keels wingless. Lodicules present; 2; free; membranous; glabrous; toothed, or not toothed. Stamens 1–3. Anthers 1.8–3.5 mm long; not penicillate. Ovary glabrous. Styles free to their bases. Stigmas 2; white.
Fruit, embryo and seedling. Fruit free from both lemma and palea; small to medium sized (3–4.3 mm long); oblong to ellipsoid; not grooved; compressed dorsiventrally to not noticeably compressed. Hilum short (ovate to elliptic, about 0.6 mm long). Embryo small; not waisted. Endosperm hard; with lipid; containing compound starch grains. Embryo with an epiblast.
First seedling leaf with a well-developed lamina. The lamina narrow; erect.
Abaxial leaf blade epidermis. Costal/intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Long-cells similar in shape costally and intercostally; of similar wall thickness costally and intercostally (fairly thick walled). Mid-intercostal long-cells rectangular; having markedly sinuous walls. Microhairs absent. Stomata common. Subsidiaries parallel-sided. Guard-cells overlapped by the interstomatals. Intercostal short-cells common; in cork/silica-cell pairs; silicified. Costal short-cells predominantly paired. Costal silica bodies rounded and tall-and-narrow.
Transverse section of leaf blade, physiology. C3; XyMS+. Mesophyll with non-radiate chlorenchyma; without adaxial palisade. Leaf blade with distinct, prominent adaxial ribs, or ‘nodular’ in section; with the ribs more or less constant in size. Midrib not readily distinguishable; with one bundle only. Bulliforms present in discrete, regular adaxial groups (at the bases of the furrows); in simple fans. All the vascular bundles accompanied by sclerenchyma. Combined sclerenchyma girders present; forming ‘figures’. Sclerenchyma all associated with vascular bundles.
Cytology. Chromosome base number, x = 13. 2n = 26 and 52. 2 and 4 ploid. Chromosomes ‘large’.
Taxonomy. Pooideae; Poodae; Poeae.
Distribution, ecology, phytogeography. 1 species; Mediterranean to Iraq. Commonly adventive. Mesophytic; species of open habitats. Meadows, etc., often coastal.
Holarctic. Boreal and Tethyan. Euro-Siberian. Macaronesian and Mediterranean. European.
Rusts and smuts. Smuts from Ustilaginaceae. Ustilaginaceae — Ustilago.
References, etc. Leaf anatomical: this project.
Illustrations. • General aspect, inflorescence. • General aspect, inflorescence
Cite this publication as: Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards). ‘Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References.’ http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. Version: 18th August 1999. Dallwitz (1980), Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993 onwards, 1998), and Watson and Dallwitz (1994), and Watson, Dallwitz, and Johnston (1986) should also be cited (see References).
