PBIO 250 Lecture Notes

James L. Reveal

Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland


Origin and Classification









Trends in the Evolution of Flowering Plants

Major recent cladistic and molecular literature on vascular plant phylogeny
  1. Albert, V.A., A. Backlund, K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, J.R. Manhart, B.D. Mishler & K.C. Nixon. 1994. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 534-567.
  2. --, S.E. Williams & M.W. Chase. 1992. Carnivorous plants: Phylogeny and structural evolution. Science 257: 1491-1495.
  3. Bogler, D.J. & B.B. Simpson. 1996. Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ITS rDNA sequence variation. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1225-1235.
  4. Bremer, K., C.J. Humphries, B.D. Mishler & S.P. Churchill. 1987. On cladistic relationships in green plants. Taxon 36: 339-349.
  5. Chase, M.W., M.R. Duvall, H.G. Hill, J.G. Conran, A.V. Cox, L.E. Eguiarte, J. Hartwell, M.F. Fay, L.R. Caddick, K.M. Cameron & S. Hoot. 1995. "Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae," pp. 109-137. In: P.J. Rudall, R.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler & C.J. Humphries (eds.), Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution. Kew.
  6. Chase, M. W., D. E. Soltis, R. G. Olmstead, D. Morgan, D. H. Les, B. D. Mishler, M. R. Duvall, R. A. Price, H. G. Hills, Y.-L. Qiu, K. A. Kron, J. H. Rettig, E. Conti, J. D. Palmer, J. R. Manhart, K. J. Sytsma, H. J. Michaels, W. J. Kress, K. G. Karol, W. D. Clark, M. Hedrén, B. S. Gaut, R. K. Jansen, K.-J. Kim. C. F. Wimpee, J. F. Smith, G. R. Furnier, S. H. Strauss, Q.-Y. Xiang, G. M. Plunkett, P. S. Soltis, S. M. Swen-sen, S. E. Williams, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn, L. E. Equiarte, E. Golenberg, G. H. Learn, Jr., S. W. Graham, S. C. H. Barrett, S. Dayanandan & V. A. Albert. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528-580.
  7. Clark, W.D., B.S. Gaut, M.R. Duvall & M.T. Clegg. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of the Bromeliiflorae-Commelininflorae-Zinberiflorae complex of monocots based on rbcL sequence comparisons. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 987-998.
  8. Crane, P. R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of the angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 716-793.
  9. --. 1988. "Major clades and relationships in the 'higher' gymnosperms," pp. 218-272. In: C.B. Beck (ed.), Origin and evolution of gymnosperms. New York.
  10. Dahlgren, R. & K. Bremer. 1985. Major clades of the angiosperms. Cladistics 1: 349-368.
  11. Donoghue, M.J. 1989. Phylogenies and the analysis of evolutionary sequences, with examples from seed plants. Evolution 43: 1137-1156.
  12. -- & J.A. Doyle. 1989. "Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamamelidae," pp. 17-45. In: P.R. Crane & S. Blackmore (eds.), Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamameliidae. Vol. 1. Oxford.
  13. --- & ---. 1989. "Phylogenetic studies of seed plants and angiosperms based on morphological characters," pp. 181-193. In: B. Fernholm, K. Bremer & J. Jörnvall (eds.), The hierarchy of life: Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis. Amsterdam.
  14. --, --, J. Gauthier, A.G. Kluge & T. Rowe. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 431-460.
  15. Doyle, J. A. & M. J. Donoghue. 1986. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms: An experimental cladistic approach. Bot. Rev. 52: 321-431.
  16. --- & --. 1992. Fossils and seed plant phylogeny reanalyzed. Brittonia 44: 89-106.
  17. ----. 1993. Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification. Paleobiol. 19: 141-167.
  18. --, -- & E.A. Zimmer. 1994. Integration of morphological and ribosomal RNA data on the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 419-450.
  19. Doyle, J.J. & R. Holton. 1991. "Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context," pp. 169-195. In: S. Blackmore & S.H. Barnes (eds.), Pollen and spores. Oxford.
  20. Duvall, M. R., M. T. Clegg, M. W. Chase, W. D. Clark, W. J. Kress, H. G. Hills, L. E. Eguiarte, J. F. Smith, B. S. Gaut, E. A. Zimmer & G. H. Learn, Jr. 1993. Phylogenetic hypotheses for the monocotyledons constructed from rbcL sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 607-619.
  21. ----, G. H. Learn, Jr., L. E. Equiarte & M. T. Clegg. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences identifies Acorus calamus as the primal extant monocotyledon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 4641-4644.
  22. Endress, P.K. 1990. Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive angiosperms (Magnoliidae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 55: 5-34.
  23. Fernando, E.S., R.A. Gadek, & C.J. Quinn. 1995. Simaroubaceae, an artificial construct: Evidence from rbcL sequence variation. Amer. J. Bot. 82: 92-103.
  24. Hasebe, M., R. Kofuji, M. Ito, M. Kato, K. Iwatsuki, & K. Ueda. 1992a. Phylogenetic relationships in Gne-tophyta deduced from rbcL gene sequence. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 105: 385-391.
  25. --, --, --, --, -- & --. 1992b. Phylogeny of gymnsoperms inferred from rbcL gene sequence. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 105: 673-679.
  26. Hill, C.R. & P.R. Crane. 1982. "Evolutionary cladistics and the origin of the angiosperms," pp. 269-361. In: K.A. Joysey & A.E. Friday (eds.), Problems of phylogenetic reconstruction. London.
  27. Hufford, L. 1992. Rosidae and their relationship to other nonmagnoliid dicotyledons: A phylogetic analysis using morphologcial and chemical data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 218-248.
  28. Les, D.H., D.K. Garvin & C.F. Wimpee. 1991. Molecular evolutionary history of ancient aquatic angiosperms. Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 88: 10119-10123.
  29. Loconte, H. & D.W. Stevenson. 1990. Cladistics of the spermatophyta. Brittonia 42: 197-211.
  30. --- & ---. 1991. Cladistics of the Magnoliidae. Cladistics 7: 267-296.
  31. Martin, P.G. & J.M. Dowd. 1991. Studies of angiosperm phylogenies using protein sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 296-337.
  32. Meacham, C.A. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships at the basal radiation of angiosperms: Further study by probabil-ity of character compatibility. Syst. Bot. 19: 506-522.
  33. Miller, C.N., Jr. 1988. "The origin of modern conifer families," pp. 448-486. In: C.B. Beck (ed.), Origin and evolution of gymnosperms. New York.
  34. Nixon, K.C., W.L. Crepet, D. Stevenson & E.M. Friis. 1994. A reevaluation of seed plant phylogeny. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 484-533.
  35. Olmstead, R.G., B. Bremer, K.M. Scott & J.D. Palmer. 1993. A molecular systematic analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 700-722.
  36. --, B. Bremer, K.M. Scott & J.D. Palmer. 1993. A parsimony analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 700-722.
  37. --, H.J. Michaels, K.M. Scott & J.D. Palmer. 1992. Monophyly of the Asteridae and identification of their major lineages inferred from DNA seuqences of rbcL. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 249-265.
  38. Qiu, Y.-L., M. W. Chase, D. H. Les & C. R. Parks. 1993. Molecular phylogenetics of the Magnoliidae: Cladis-tic analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 587-606.
  39. Price, R.A. & J.D. Palmer. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of the Geraniaceae and Geraniales from rbcL sequence comparisons.
  40. Queiroz, K. de & J. Gauthier. 1992. Phylogenetic taxonomy. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 449-480.
  41. Scotland, R.W., J.A. Sweere, P.A. Reeves & R.G. Olmstead. 1995. Higher-level systematics of Acanthaceae determined by chloroplast DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 82: 266-275.
  42. Shinwari, Z.K., H. Kato, R. Teraauchi & S. Kawano. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among genera in the Liliaceae-Asparagoideae-Polygonatae s.l. inferred from rbcL gene sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 192: 263-277.
  43. Stebbins, G.L. 1965. The probable growth habit of the earliest flowering plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 457-468. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 661-671.
  44. Suh, Y., L.B. Thien, H.E. Reeve & E.A. Zimmer. 1993. Molecular evolution and phylogenetic implications of internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA in Winteraceae. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 1042-1055.
  45. Taylor, D.W. & L.J. Hickey. 1992. Phylogenetic evidence for the herbaceous origin of angiosperms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 180: 137-156.
  46. Troitsky, A.V., Y.F. Melekhovets, G.M. Rakhimova, V.K. Bobrova, K.M. Valiejo-Roman & A.S. Antonov. 1991. Angiosperm origin and early seed plant evolution deduced from rRNA sequence comparisons. J. Molec. Evol. 32: 253-361.
  47. Wagenitz, G. 1992. The Asteridae: Evolution of a concept and its present status. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 209-217.
  48. Zimmer, E.A., R.K. Hamby, M.L. Arnold, D.A. LeBlanc, & E.C. Theriot. 1989. "Ribosomal RNA phylogenies and flowering plant evolution," pp. 205-214. In: B. Fernholm, K. Bremer & J. Jornvall (eds.), The hierarchy of life. Amsterdam.
Major recent literature on plant families
  1. Albert, V.A., S.E. Williams & M.W. Chase. 1992. Carnivorous plants: Phylogeny and structural evolution. Science 257: 1491-1495.
  2. Anderberg, A. 1992. The circumscription of the Ericales, and their cladistic relationships to other families of "higher" dicotyledons. Syst. Bot. 17: 600-675.
  3. Baumgardt, J.P. 1982. How to identify flowering plant families: A practical guide for horticulturalists. Beaverton, OR.
  4. Becker, K.M. 1973. A comparison of angiosperm classification systems. Taxon 22: 19-50.
  5. Bedell, H. G. & J. L. Reveal. 1982a. Amended outlines and indices for six recently published systems of angiosperm classification. Phytologia 51: 65-156.
  6. -- & --. 1982b. A synoptical review of a revised classification of Liliopsida (Magnoliophyta) as proposed by Dahlgren and Clifford. Phytologia 52: 179-183.
  7. Benson, L. 1957. Plant classification. Boston.
  8. Boivin, B.B. 1956. Les families des Trachéophytes. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 103: 490-505.
  9. Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics & classification. Portland, OR.
  10. Brummitt, R. K. (comp.). 1992. Vascular plant families and genera. Kew.
  11. Crabbe, J.A., A.C. Jermy & J.T. Mickel. 1975. A new generic sequence for the pteridophyte herbarium. Fern Gaz. 11: 141-162.
  12. Cronquist, A. 1957. Outline of a new system of families and orders of dictyledons. Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxelles 27: 13-40.
  13. --. 1968. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. Boston.
  14. --. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York.
  15. --. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd edit. Bronx.
  16. --. 1993. A commentary of the general system of classification of flowering plants. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 272-293.
  17. --, A. Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann. 1966. On the higher taxa of Embryobionta. Taxon 15: 129-134.
  18. Dahlgren, G. 1989a. "The last Dahlgrenogram: System of classification of the dicotyledons," pp. 249-260. In: K. Tan, R. R. Mill & T. S. Elias (eds.), Plant taxonomy, phytogeography and related subjects. Edinburgh.
  19. --. 1989b. An updated angiosperm classification. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 100: 197-203.
  20. Dahlgren, R. M. T. 1975. A system of classification of the angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters. Bot. Not. 128: 119-147.
  21. --. 1980. A revised system of classification of the angiosperms. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 91-124.
  22. --. 1983. General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 119-149.
  23. -- & K. Bremer. 1985. Major clades of the angiosperms. Cladistics 1: 349-368.
  24. -- & H. T. Clifford. 1982. The monocotyledons: A comparative study. London.
  25. --- & --- & P. F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: Structure, evolution, and taxonomy. New York.
  26. -- & F.N. Rasmussen. 1983. Monocot evolution: Characters and phylogenetic estimation. Evol. Biol. 16: 255-395.
  27. --, S. Rosendal-Jensen & B. J. Nielsen. 1981. "A revised classification of the angiosperms with comments on correlation between chemical and other characters," pp. 149-204. In: D. A. Young & D. S. Seigler (eds.), Phytochemistry and angiosperm phylogeny. New York.
  28. Davis, P.H. & J. Cullen. 1989. Identification of flowering plant families. 3rd ed. Cambridge.
  29. Dressler, R.L. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Portland, OR.
  30. Engler, A. 1964. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilies. 12th ed. Herausgegeben von H. Melchior. Band II, Angiosper-men. Berlin.
  31. Frohne, D. & U. Jensen. 1992. Systematik des Planzenreichs. 4th ed. Stuttgart.
  32. Fukarek, F. (ed.). 1991. Urania Pflanzenreich. 3 vols. Berlin.
  33. Geesink, L., A.J.M. Leeuwenberg, C.E. Ridsdale & V.F. Veldkamp. 1981. Thonner's analytical key to the families of flowering plants. The Hague.
  34. Giannasi, D.E., G. Zurawski, G. Learn & M.T. Clegg. 1992. Evolutionary relationships of the Caryophyllidae based on comparative rbcL sequences. Syst. Bot. 17: 1-15.
  35. Gibbs, R.D. 1974. Chemotaxonomy of flowering plants. 4 vols. Montreal.
  36. Goldberg, A. 1986. Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the families of dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58.
  37. --. 1989. Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the families of monocotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 71.
  38. Greuter, W., R.K. Brummitt, E. Farr, N. Kilian, P.M. Kirk & P.C. Silva. 1993. Names in current use for extant plant genera. Regnum Veg. 129.
  39. Gunn, C. R., J. H. Wiersema, C. A. Ritchie, J. H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992. Families and genera of spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. U.S.D.A. Techn. Bull. 1796.
  40. Gustafsson, M.H.G. & K. Bremer. 1995. Morphology and phylogenetic interrelationships of the Asteraceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae, Goodeniaceae, and related families (Asterales). Amer. J. Bot. 82: 250-265.
  41. Heywood, V. H. (ed.). 1978. Flowering plants of the world Oxford.
  42. Hickey, M. & C.J. King. 1988. 100 families of flowering plants. 2nd ed. Cambridge.
  43. Huber, H. 1977. The treatment of the monocotyledons in an evolutionary system of classification. Pl. Syst. Evol. 1(Suppl.): 285-298.
  44. Hutchinson, J. 1959. The families of flowering plants. 2nd ed. Oxford.
  45. --. 1969. Evolution and phylogeny of flowering plants. London.
  46. --. 1973. The families of flowering plants arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny, 3rd edit. Oxford.
  47. Hoogland, R.D. & J.L. Reveal. 1993. "Vascular plant family names in current use. Regnum Veg. 126: 15-60.
  48. Judd, W.S., R.W. Sanders, & M.J. Donoghue. 1994. Angiosperm family pairs: Preliminary phylogenetic analysis. Harvard Pap. Bot. 5: 1-51.
  49. Kimura, Y. 1953. The system and the phylogenetic tree of plants. J. Jap. Bot. 28: 97-104.
  50. --. 1956. Système et phylogénie des monocotylédones. Notul. Syst. Paris 15: 137-159.
  51. Kubitzki, K. 1990. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Berlin.
  52. --, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrisch (eds.). 1993. The families and genera of vascular plants. II. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families. New York.
  53. Lammers, T.G. 1992. Circumscription and phylogeny of the Campanulales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 388-413.
  54. Leroy, J.-F. 1993. Origine et évolution des plantes à fleurs: Les Nymphéas et le génie de la nature. Paris.
  55. Mabberley, D. J. 1987. The plant-book: A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge.
  56. Maas, P.J.M. & Y.T. Westra. 1993. Neotropical plant families. Königstein.
  57. Meeuse, A.D.J. 1987. All about angiosperms. Delft.
  58. Novák, F.A. 1954. Systém angiosperm. Preslia 26: 337-364.
  59. Pichi Sermolli, R.E.G. 1977. Tentamen pteridophytorum genera in taxonicum ordinem redigendi. Webbia 31: 313-512.
  60. Rendle, A.B. 1963. The classification of flowering plants. Cambridge.
  61. Reveal, J.L. 1992. Validation of subclass and superordinal names in Magnoliophyta. Novon 2: 235-237.
  62. --. 1992. Validation of ordinal names of extant vascular plants. Novon 2: 238-240.
  63. --. 1993. New ordinal names for extant vascular plants. Phytologia 74: 173-177.
  64. --. 1993. A splitter's guide to the higher taxa of the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) generally arranged to follow the sequence proposed by Thorne (1992) with certain modifications. Phytologia 74: 203-263.
  65. --. 1993. Flowering plant families: An overview. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 294-330.
  66. --. 1993. A preliminary list of validly published automatically typified ordinal names of vascular plants. Taxon 42: 825-844.
  67. --. 1994. New supraordinal names and recognition of five classes in Magnoliophyta. Phytologia 76: 1-7.
  68. -- & R.D. Hoogland. 1991. Protected plant family names - a new list for consideration. Regnum Veg. 123: 243-249.
  69. -- & A.L. Takhtajan. 1993. Three new suprafamilial names in Magnoliophyta. Phytologia 74: 171-172.
  70. Rouleau, E. 1981. Guide to the generic names appearing in the Index Kewensis and its fifteen supplements. Lac de Brome, Canada.
  71. Rudall, P.J., R.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler & C.J. Humphries (eds.). 1995. Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution. Kew.
  72. Soó, R. 1953. Die modernen Grundsätze der Phylogenie im neuen System der Blütenpflanzen. Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 4: 257-306.
  73. --. 1961. Present aspect of evolutionary history of Telomophyta. Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest, Biol. 4: 167-178.
  74. --. 1967. Die modernen Systeme der Angiospermen. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 13: 201-233.
  75. Smith, J.P. 1977. Vascular plant families. Eureka.
  76. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering plants: Evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Mass.
  77. Takhtajan, A. L. 1959. Die Evolution der Angiospermen. Jena.
  78. --. 1969. Flowerinig plants: Origin and dispersal. Edinburgh.
  79. --. 1970. Origin and dispersal of the flowering plants. Leningrad.
  80. --. 1973. Evolution und Ausbreitung der Blütenpflanzen. Jena.
  81. --. 1980. Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Bot. Rev. 46: 225-359.
  82. --. 1983. "The systematic arrangement of dicotyledonous families," pp. 180-201. In: C. R. Metcalfe & L. Chalk, Anatomy of the dicotyledons, second edition. Volume II. Oxford.
  83. --. 1985. Anatomia seminum comparativa. Tomus I. Liliopsida seu monocotyledones. Leningrad.
  84. --. 1986. Floristic regions of the world. Berkeley.
  85. --. 1987. Systema magnoliophytorum. Leningrad.
  86. --. 1996. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York.
  87. Thorne, R. F. 1968. Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants. Aliso 6: 57-66.
  88. --. 1974. A phylogenetic classification of the Annoniflorae. Aliso 8: 147-209.
  89. --. 1976. A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae. Evol. Biol. 9: 35-106.
  90. --. 1977. Some realignments in the Angiospermae. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 85-117.
  91. --. 1981. "Phytochemistry and angiosperm phylogeny: A summary statement," pp. 233-295. In: D. A. Young & D. S. Seigler (eds.), Phytochemistry and angiosperm phylogeny. New York.
  92. --. 1983. Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 85-117.
  93. --. 1992a. An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants. Aliso 13: 365-389.
  94. --. 1992b. Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58: 225-348.
  95. Tryon, R.M. & A.F. Tryon. 1982. Ferns and allied plants. New York.
  96. Watson, L. & M.J. Dallwitz. 1991. The families of angiosperms: Automated descriptions, with interactive identi-fication and information retrieval. Austral. Syst. Bot. 4: 681-695.
  97. Wielgorskaya, T. 1995. Dictionary of generic names of seed plants. New York.
  98. Willis, J. C. 1973. A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 8th edit. Revised by H. K. Airy Shaw. London.
  99. Young, D.J. & L. Watson. 1970. The classification of dicotyledons: A study of the upper levels of hierarchy. Austral. J. Bot. 18: 387-433.
  100. Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to flowering plant families. Chapel Hill.
Previous page


Next Series of Lecture Notes:
Evolution, Variation and Biosystematics
Lecture Schedule