Botany online 1996-2004. No further update, only historical document of botanical science!
Callus cultures, embryo cultures, cultures of anthers, etc. can all be regarded as in vitro-cultures. In a classic sense, genetic manipulations are mutagenesis, induction of polyploidy, etc. Nowadays, genetic engineering has to be added. Offspring analysis means the selection of wanted genotypes (H. LÖRZ, 1986).