PBIO 250 Lecture Notes
James L. Reveal
Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland
3. Liliopsida Scop. (1760)
Aropsida Bartl. (1830)
Bromeliopsida Brongn. (1843)
Hydrocharitopsida Bartl. (1830)
Juncopsida Bartl. (1830)
Liriopsida Brongn. (1843)
Najadiopsida Hoffmanns. & Link (1809)
Orchidopsida Bartl. (1830)
Pandanopsida Brongn. (1843)
Phoenicopsida Brongn. (1843)
1. Alismatidae Takht. (1967)
1. Butomanae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Butomales Hutch. (1934)
1. Butomaceae Rich., nom. cons. (1815)
2. Alismatanae Takht. (1967)
Najadanae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Alismatales Dumort. (1829)
1. Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist (1981)
2. Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons. (1799)
Damasoniaceae Nakai (1943)
Elismataceae Nakai, nom. illeg. (1943)
2. Hydrocharitales Dumort. (1829)
Elodeales Nakai (1950)
Vallisneriales Nakai (1949)
1. Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Blyxaceae (Aschers. & Gürcke) Nakai (1949)
Elodeaceae Dumort. (1829)
Enhalaceae Nakai (1943)
Halophilaceae J. Agardh (1858)
Stratiotaceae Link (1829)
Thalassiaceae Nakai (1943)
Vallisneriaceae Link (1829)
3. Aponogetonales Hutch. (1934)
1. Aponogetonaceae J. Agardh (1858)
4. Najadales Dumort. (1829)
1. Najadaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
5. Juncaginales Hutch. (1934)
Scheuchzeriales B. Boivin (1956)
1. Scheuchzeriaceae Rudolphi, nom. cons. (1830)
2. Juncaginaceae Rich. (1808)
Heterostylaceae Hutch. (1934)
Lilaeaceae Dumort. (1829)
Maundiaceae Nakai (1943)
Triglochinaceae Chev. (1827)
6. Potamogetonales Dumort. (1829)
Cymodoceales Nakai (1943)
Posidoniales Nakai (1943)
Ruppiales Nakai (1950)
Zosterales Nakai (1943)
1. Potamogetonaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
Hydrogetonaceae Link (1829)
2. Ruppiaceae Horan. ex Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
3. Zannichelliaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
4. Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
5. Posidoniaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
Cauliniaceae J. Presl, nom. illeg. (1846)
6. Cymodoceaceae N. Taylor, nom. cons. (1909)
2. Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Triuridanae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Triuridales Hook.f. (1876)
1. Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons. (1843)
Lacandoniaceae E. Martínes & Ramos (1989)
3. Aridae Takht. (1997)
1. Acoranae Reveal (1997)
1. Acorales Reveal (1996)
1. Acoraceae Martinov (1820)
2. Aranae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Arales Dumort. (1829)
1. Araceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Arisaraceae Raf. (1838)
Caladiaceae Salisb. (1866)
Callaceae Rchb. ex Bartl. (1830)
Cryptocorynaceae J. Agardh (1858)
Dracontiaceae Salisb. (1866)
Lemnaceae Gray, nom. cons. (1821)
Lentiscaceae Horan. (1843)
Orontiaceae Bartl. (1830)
Pistiaceae Rich. ex C. Agardh (1822)
Pothoaceae Raf. (1838)
Wolffiaceae Bubani (1901-1902)
3. Cyclanthanae Thorne ex Reveal (1996)
1. Cyclanthales Nakai (1930)
1. Cyclanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
4. Pandananae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Pandanales Lindl. (1833)
1. Pandanaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Freycinetiaceae Brongn. ex Le Maout & Decne. (1868)
4. Liliidae Takht. (1967)
1. Lilianae Takht. (1967)
Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Tofieldiales Reveal & Zomlefer (1997)
1. Tofieldiaceae Takht. (1994)
2. Dioscoreales Hook.f. (1876)
Stemonales Takht. (1995)
Taccales Dumort. (1829)
Tamales Dumort. (1829)
1. Trichopodaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
2. Stenomeridaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. (1858)
3. Avetraceae Takht. (1997)
4. Dioscoreaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Tamaceae Martinov (1820)
Tamnaceae J. Kickx f. (1826)
5. Stemonaceae Engl., nom. cons. (1887)
Roxburghiaceae Wall. (1832)
6. Croomiaceae Nakai (1937)
7. Pentastemonaceae Duyfjes (1992)
8. Taccaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
3. Smilacales Lindl. (1833)
1. Rhipogonaceae Conran & Cliffford (1985)
2. Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons. (1799)
3. Petermanniaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
4. Nartheciales Reveal & Zompher (1997)
1. Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon (1846)
Abaminaceae J. Agardh, nom. illeg. (1858)
Lophiolaceae Nakai (1943)
5. Petrosaviales Takht. (1997)
1. Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
6. Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
Veratrales Dumort. (1829)
1. Chionographidaceae Takht. (1996)
2. Heloniadaceae J. Agardh (1858)
3. Xerophyllaceae Takht. (1996)
4. Melanthiaceae Batsch, nom. cons. (1802)
Veratraceae Salisb. (1807)
5. Japonoliriaceae Takht. (1996)
6. Campynemataceae Dumort. (1829)
7. Trilliales Takht. (1997)
Paridales Dumort. (1829)
1. Trilliaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (1846)
Paridaceae Dumort. (1827)
8. Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
1. Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
9. Colchicales Dumort. (1829)
1. Burchardiaceae Takht. (1996)
2. Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons. (1805)
Bulbocodiaceae Salisb. (1866)
Merenderaceae Mirb. (1804)
3. Tricyrtidaceae Takht. (1997)
4. Uvulariaceae A. Gray ex Kunth, nom. cons. (1843)
Compsoaceae Horan. (1834)
5. Scoliopaceae Takht. (1996)
6. Calochortaceae Dumort. (1829)
10. Liliales Perleb (1826)
1. Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Erythroniaceae Martinov (1820)
Fritillariaceae Salisb. (1866)
Liriaceae Batsch (1786)
Tulipaceae Batsch (1786)
2. Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987)
11. Hypoxidales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Hypoxidaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1814)
12. Orchidales Raf. (1815)
1. Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Apostasiaceae Lindl. (1833)
Cypripediaceae Lindl. (1833)
Limodoraceae Horan. (1847)
Neottiaceae Horan. (1834)
Neuwiediaceae (Burns-Bal. & V.A. Funk) R. Dahlgren ex Reveal & Hoogland (1991)
Vanillaceae Lindl. (1835)
13. Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal (1993)
1. Lanariaceae H. Huber ex R. Dahlgren & A.E. van Wyk (1988)
2. Ixioliriaceae (Pax) Nakai (1943)
3. Walleriaceae (R. Dahlgren) Takht. (1994)
4. Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons. (1862)
Androsynaceae Salisb. (1866)
Conantheraceae (D. Don) Hook.f. (1873)
Cyanellaceae Salisb. (1866)
5. Cyanastraceae Engl., nom. cons. (1900)
6. Eriospermaceae Endl. (1841)
14. Iridales Raf. (1815)
Ixiales Lindl. (1835)
1. Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Crocaceae Vest (1818)
Galaxiaceae Raf. (1836)
Geosiridaceae Jonker, nom. cons. (1939)
Gladiolaceae Raf. (1838)
Hewardiaceae Nakai, nom. illeg. (1943)
Isophysidaceae (Hutch.) F.A. Barkley (1948)
Ixiaceae Horan. (1834)
15. Burmanniales Heintze (1927)
1. Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. (1827)
Thismiaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. (1858)
Tripterellaceae Dumort., nom. illeg. (1829)
2. Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons. (1878)
16. Amaryllidales Bromhead (1840)
Alliales Traub (1972)
Narcissales Dumort. (1829)
1. Hyacinthaceae Batsch (1786)
Eucomidaceae Salisb. (1866)
Lachenaliaceae Salisb. (1866)
Ornithogalaceae Salisb. (1866)
Scillaceae Vest (1818)
2. Themidaceae Salisb. (1866)
3. Alliaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. (1858)
Agapanthaceae Voigt (1850)
Cepaceae Salisb. (1866)
Gilliesiaceae Lindl. (1826)
Milulaceae Traub (1972)
&nbsÿp; Tulbaghiaceae Salisb. (1866)
4. Hesperocallidaceae Traub (1972)
5. Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil., nom. cons. (1805)
Brunsvigiaceae Horan. (1834)
Crinaceae Vest (1818)
Cyrtanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
Galanthaceae G. Mey. (1836)
Gethyllidaceae Raf. (1838)
Haemanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
Leucojaceae Batsch (1786)
Narcissaceae Juss. (1789)
Oporanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
Pancratiaceae Horan. (1847)
Strumariaceae Salisb. (1866)
Zephyranthaceae Salisb. (1866)
17. Asparagales Bromhead (1838)
2. Convallariaceae Horan. (1834)
Aspidistraceae Endl. (1841)
Platymetraceae Salisb., nom. illeg. (1866)
Polygonataceae Salisb. (1866)
Tupistraceae Schnizl. (1846)
3. Ophiopogonaceae Endl. (1841)
Peliosanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
4. Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
18. Asteliales Dumort. (1829)
1. Dracaenaceae Salisb. (1866)
Sansevieriaceae Nakai (1936)
2. Ruscaceae Sprengl. ex Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
3. Nolinaceae Nakai (1943)
4. Asteliaceae Dumort. (1829)
6. Geitonoplesiaceae R. Dahlgr. ex Conran (1994)
7. Luzuriagaceae Lotsy (1911)
8. Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
Lapageriaceae Kunth (1850)
19. Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
1. Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw (1964)
20. Agavales Hutch. (1934)
Xanthorrhoeales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
Dasypogonales Thorne, nom. nud. (1997)
1. Dasypogonaceae Dumort. (1829)
Baxteriaceae Takht. (1996)
Kingiaceae Endl. (1838)
Xerotaceae Endl., nom. illeg. (1838)
2. Calectasiaceae Endl. (1838)
3. Hemerocallidaceae R. Br. (1810)
4. Blandfordiaceae R. Dahlgren & Clifford (1985)
5. Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
6. Agavaceae Endl., nom. cons. (1841)
Yuccaceae J. Agardh (1858)
7. Anthericaceae J. Agardh (1858)
8. Laxmanniaceae Bubani (1901-1902)
Eustrephaceae Chupov (1994)
Lomandraceae Lotsy (1911)
9. Herreriaceae Endl. (1841)
10. Phormiaceae J. Agardh (1858)
Dianellaceae Salisb. (1866)
11. Johnsoniaceae Lotsy (1911)
12. Doryanthaceae R. Dahlgren & Clifford (1985)
13. Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
14. Aloaceae Batsch (1802)
15. Aphyllanthaceae Burnett (1835)
16. Hostaceae B. Mathew (1988)
Funkiaceae Horan., nom. illeg. (1834)
5. Arecidae Takht. (1967)
1. Arecanae Takht. (1967)
1. Arecales Bromhead (1840)
Cocosales Nakai (1930)
1. Arecaceae Schultz Sch., nom. cons. (1832)
Acristaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Borassaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Calamaceae Kunth ex Perleb (1838)
Ceroxylaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Chamaedoreaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Cocosaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Coryphaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Geonomataceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Iriarteaceae O.F. Cook & Doyle (1913)
Lepidocaryaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Malortieaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Manicariaceae O.F. Cook (1910)
Nypaceae Brongn. ex Le Maout & Decne. (1868)
Palmae Juss., nom. cons. et nom. alt. (1789)
Phoenicaceae Burnett (1835)
Phytellephaceae Mart. ex Perleb (1838)
Pseudophoenicaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Sabalaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Sagaceae Schultz Sch., nom. illeg. (1832)
Synechanthaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
6. Commelinidae Takht. (1967)
1. Bromelianae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
1. Bromeliales Dumort. (1829)
1. Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Tillandsiaceae Wilbr. (1834)
2. Velloziales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
1. Velloziaceae Endl., nom. cons. (1841)
Acanthochlamydaceae (Shou C. Chen) P.C. Kao (1989)
Barbaceniaceae Arn. (1832)
2. Pontederianae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Haemodorales Hutch. (1934)
1. Haemodoraceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Conostylidaceae (Pax) Takht. (1987)
Dilatridaceae M. Roem. (1840)
Wachendorfiaceae Herb. (1837)
Xiphidiaceae Dumort. (1829)
2. Philydrales Dumort. (1829)
1. Philydraceae Link, nom. cons. (1821)
3. Pontederiales Hook.f. (1876)
1. Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons. (1816)
Heterantheraceae J. Agardh (1858)
Unisemataceae Raf. (1837)
3. Commelinanae Takht. (1967)
Rapateales Colella ex Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Xyridales Lindl. (1846)
Mayacales Nakai (1943)
1. Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
2. Xyridaceae C. Agardh, nom. cons. (1823)
Abolbodaceae Nakai (1943)
3. Mayacaceae Kunth (1842)
2. Commelinales Dumort. (1829)
1. Commelinaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Cartonemataceae Pichon, nom. cons. (1946)
Ephemeraceae Batsch, nom. illeg. (1802)
Tradescantiaceae Salisb. (1807)
3. Eriocaulales Nakai (1930)
1. Eriocaulaceae P. Beauv. ex Desv. (1828)
4. Hydatellanae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Hydatellales Cronquist (1980)
1. Hydatellaceae U. Hamann, nom. cons. (1976)
5. Typhanae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Typhales Dumort. (1829)
1. Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
2. Sparganiaceae Rudolphi, nom. cons. (1830)
6. Juncanae Takht. (1967)
Poanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Juncales Dumort. (1829)
1. Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
2. Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons. (1907)
2. Cyperales Hutch. (1934)
1. Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Caricaceae Burnett, nom. illeg. (1835)
Kobresiaceae Gilly (1952)
Papyraceae Burnett (1835)
Scirpaceae Batsch (1786)
3. Flagellariales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
4. Restionales J.H. Schaffn. (1929)
Centrolepidales R. Dahlgren ex Takht. (1997)
1. Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
2. Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C. Sm. (1970)
3. Restionaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Elegiaceae Raf. (1838)
4. Anarthriaceae D.F. Cutler & Airy Shaw (1965)
5. Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F. Cutler & Airy Shaw (1965)
6. Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons. (1836)
Devauxiaceae Dumort., nom. illeg. (1829)
5. Poales Small (1903)
Avenales Bromhead (1838)
1. Poaceae (R. Br.) Barnh., nom. cons. (1895)
Aegilopaceae Martinov (1820)
Agrostidaceae Burnett (1835)
Alopecuraceae Martinov (1820)
Andropogonaceae Martinov (1820)
Anomochloaceae Nakai (1943)
Arundinaceae (Dumort.) Hochst. (1850)
Arundinellaceae (Stapf) Herter (1940)
Avenaceae Martinov (1820)
Bambusaceae Burnett (1835)
Chloridaceae (Bercht. & J. Presl) Herter (1940)
Eragrostidaceae (Stapf) Herter (1940)
Festucaceae (Dumort.) Herter (1952)
Gramineae Juss., nom. cons. et nom. alt. (1789)
Hordeaceae Burnett (1835)
Lepturaceae (Dumort.) Herter (1940)
Maydaceae Martinov, nom. illeg. (1820)
Melicaceae Martinov (1820)
Miliaceae Burnett (1835)
Nardaceae Martinov (1820)
Oryzaceae Burnett (1835)
Panicaceae Voigt (1845)
Pappophoraceae (Kunth) Herter (1940)
Parianaceae Nakai (1943)
Phalaridaceae Burnett (1835)
Pharaceae (Stapf) Herter (1940)
Saccharaceae Martinov (1820)
Spartinaceae Burnett (1835)
Sporobolaceae Herter (1941)
Stipaceae Burnett (1835)
Streptochaetaceae Nakai (1943)
Tristeginaceae (Link) Herter, nom. illeg. (1940)
Triticaceae Hochst. (1848)
Zeaceae A. Kern. (1891)
7. Zingiberidae Cronquist (1978)
1. Zingiberanae Takht. ex Reveal (1993)
1. Zingiberales Griseb. (1854)
Amomales Lindl. (1835)
Cannales Dumort. (1829)
Lowiales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
Musales Reveal (1997)
1. Strelitziaceae (K. Schum.) Hutch. (1934)
Alpiniaceae R. Br. ex Rudolphi (1830)
Amomaceae J. St.-Hil. (1805)
Curcumaceae Dumort. (1829)
2. Heliconiaceae (A. Rich.) Nakai (1941)
3. Musaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
4. Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons. (1924)
5. Zingiberaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (1835)
6. Costaceae (Meisn.) Nakai (1941)
7. Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
8. Marantaceae Petersen, nom. cons. (1888)
5 Nov 1997