What is the meaning of the terms, Protoplast, Apoplast, Symplast
What are the 3 major constituents of the Primary Cell Wall
What is a fourth component found in most cell walls
Which of these is most responsible for the strength of the wall
What kind of chemical bond holds the major cell wall components together
What are the differences between primary cell walls and secondary walls
a] Basic Cellulose Composition &
Organization
b] Developmental stage of the Cell
c] Lignification
What 2 chemicals become part of the outer cell wall of Epidermal cells
What is the collective term applied to these? What are the functions of this
What Organelle determines the Orientation of Cellulose fibrils in the wall
What is the name of the cluster of enzymes that actually synthesizes the Cellulose into Microfibrils
What Organelle produces the polysaccharide Matrix that forms a major part of the Primary Cell Wall
What two organelles are responsible for the production of the cell plate following Nuclear Division
What are Plasmodesmata & when are most of them produced? What is their principal function?
What Organelle signals (Preprophase Band) the location of the Cell Plate following Nuclear Division
What are the basic functions of the Vacuole in plant cells
What are the three major types of mature Plastids & what are their most basic functions (1 function for each)
Which Organelles have double Membranes with Invaginations of the Inner membrane
Give two examples in which an unequal cell division leads to divergent developmental paths for the two cells.
If Colchicine is applied to certain cells, it blocks unequal division and consequently blocks polarity and asymmetric division. What organelle is disabled by Colchicine?
What Ion is involved in the formation of Polarity in Fucus Zygotes?
What is the filament of cells attached to the Angiosperm Embryo called?
Does it contribute to the mature embryo? if so what part does it form?
What is a formative Division & provide an example that occurs at the Globular stage of Embryo Development with Arabidopsis or Capsella.
Make a labeled outline sketch of a Torpedo Embryo which shows the following (Cotyledons, SAM, Protoderm, Procambium, Ground Meristem, RAM.
Make a labeled outline sketch showing the radial arrangement of the three principal types of tissues for the root of an Embryo.
Explain the meaning of Primary Root, Secondary Root, Primary Stem, Secondary Stem
What is the Major Difference between branching is Roots versus branching in stems? Does this have functional Significance?
Make an outline sketch of a root tip that has a few INITIALS which produce all of its parts.
Where would you find the Quiescent center in the above sketch?
What are the Four Developmental Zones for a typical root?
Make an outline sketch of a typical dicot root showing the mature Primary Tissues for a cross section. One of these increases the absorptive capacity of Roots. What TISSUE is responsible for this?
Do the same for a typical dicot stem.
What is meant by meristem proper applied to shoot apical meristems (SAM)?
What is the meaning of the terms Anticlinal & Periclinal?
What is the meaning of Tunica as applied to SAMs?
What tissue is produced by the outer Tunica Layer?
Is there a Quiescent Center in SAMs?
What is the Peripheral Zone in an SAM?
Label the Theoretical Model Plant on the Meristem-6 Web Page.
What are the meanings of Indeterminate and Determinate as applied to Apical Meristems?
How do they apply to SAMs
What is the difference between a Floral Meristem and an Inflorescence Meristem?
Provide an example of a plant with an Inflorescence Meristem.
What is the meaning of the term Phyllotaxy
What plant hormone provides Polarity in the healing of Wound Xylem
What is the meaning of Programmed cell Death? Give the best example of a tissue or cell type in which this occurs. What is its functional significance?
What is a desmotubule?
What is the approximate size differential that exists between the "pore size" of Plasmodesmata vs the Cell Wall ( 1X, 3X,10X)
What are 5 traits associated with meristematic Cells?
What are the three Primary Meristems and what do the produce?
What are the three major parts of meristematic cells that become altered by cell differentiation?
Provide 3 examples of distinct cell shapes that can be found in Parenchyma.
What are two properties of Collenchyma that contribute to its function in plant growth?
What are two properties of Sclerenchyma cells that contribute to its function in plants?
What are the two principal functions of Tracheary Elements?
What are three principal attributes of Tracheary Elements that contribute to its functions.
What is the most important difference between Tracheids & Vessel Members?
Which is better for support? Which is better for water conduction?
What are the three tissues commonly present in a Vascular Bundle from a Dicot Stem?
Make an outline sketch showing the changes in the complexity of Secondary Cell Walls for Protoxylem -> Meatxylem Tracheary Elements.
Which of the two is better for support during stem elongation? Why is it better?
Which is better for support after the stem has ceased elongating?
What is a Sieve Plate?
What is the principal difference between a Sieve Cell and a Sieve Tube Member?
What is Callose, where is it normally found and what is its principal function?
The Endodermis
a] Where is the Endodermis situated in Roots.
b] What is the name of the specialized Cell Wall that is typically found in the Endodermis? _____ _____
c] What two distinctive hydrophobic Non-cellulosic Chemical(s) does this specialized wall material contain?
d] Are these chemicals limited to the specialized cell wall or do they pervade other areas of the Cell Wall, including the Middle lamella?
e] How does this specialized region of the cell wall interact with the plasmalemma?
What is the effect of all the above on Apoplastic transport between the outside of the root and the vascular tissues in the center? Solute and solvent (H2O) must enter the __________________ to move from the outside to the inside of the root.
Why is this important? It brings the solute and solvent under _________________ control or regulation.
What is the Exodermis & what is its most likely function?
In addition to the absorption of water & nutrients what are some additional functions of roots.
Where do secondary roots originate?
What is the meaning of the term fascicle?
What are the three typical components of a dicot vascular bundle?
What is the meaning of fibrovascular bundle?
Explain the meaning of the following as they relate to leaves. You may use a labeled sketch to answer the questions.
Petiole
Midrib
Lamina (Blade)
Simple
Compound
Rachis
Pinnate Shape also venation
Palmate Shape also venation
Dichotomous Shape also venation
Reticulate venation
Areole
Striate Venation
Commisural Bundle
Bundle Sheath
Palisade
Spongy
Bulliform Cells
Stomata
Trichome
Epidermis
Epidermal Hairs (Trichomes) range from unicellular to multicellular complex structures.
What are the two most common functions ascribed to non-secretory hairs.
Identify some functions associated with secretory trichomes.
Insectivorous plants have many Epidermal adaptations which help them acquire prey. List five adaptations and briefly explain how they work. Why is this important for carnivorous plants?
What is a Nectary? Identify two distinct functions of Nectaries.
Briefly explain how the scales (trichomes) of Tillandsia (Spanish Moss ume ume a Dole) work in terms of Photosynthesis?