MCB 229 Spring 2000 Study Guide 21 Prof. Terry

Covers Lecture for April 27

This study guide is intended for you to use while you are doing the assigned text reading. Quiz questions will be made with reference to topics in this study guide. Quiz #21, based on questions from this study guide, must be completed by midnight before the class on Thursday, April 27. You will need to create your "myWebCT" account and visit the MCB 229 WebCT page in order to access this quiz.

Chapter 33. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
  1. What did each of the following individuals contribute to the development of chemotherapeutics: Ehrlich, Domagk, Duchesne, Fleming, Chain & Florey, Waksman?
  2. What do the following terms mean? Selective toxicity, therapeutic index, side effects, narrow-spectrum, broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic, MIC, MLC, antimetabolite, parenteral administration.
  3. What is a Kirby-Bauer test? How does it differ from the disk diffusion test we carried out in lab? How is it similar? What is the practical value of this test?
  4. Identify the target and mode of action of the following compounds. Be able to recognize the general type of each class of antibiotic from a graphic (e.g., look for the presence of a beta-lactam ring to identify penicillins & cephalosporins; look for 4 rings to identify tetracyclines, etc.): penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, quinolones, streptomycin, erythromycin, sulfanilamide. See Table 33.4 and relevant text.
  5. Antibiotics can be chemically modified. Using the penicillin family as an example, identify two semisynthetic derivatives of “natural penicillin” and indicate how they differ from the original.
  6. Drug resistance is becoming a serious problem.
    (a) describe different ways in which bacteria can become resistant to a drug
    (b) what is an R plasmid? How do R plasmids bring about drug resistance?
    (c) what are the patient treatment conditions under which the development of antibiotic resistance will be most favored?
    (d) what stratagems can be used to stop or hinder the development of drug resistant strains?
  7. Read the essay in Box 33.2 on antibiotic misuse. Identify 4 bacterial pathogens whose current drug resistance has led to problems. What can be done to reduce this threat?
  8. Skim sections on antifungal and antiviral drugs – I won't ask questions about these on quizzes or exams.

Ch. 29 (pp. 591-602). Nonspecific Host Defenses.
  1. What role(s) does each of the following systems play in host defense?
    Fever
    Mucociliary blanket
    Phagocytes
    Inflammatory response
  2. Describe the sequence of events in phagocytosis. What steps do intracellular pathogens often inhibit or alter? What enzymes are found in lysosomes? What is a phagolysosome? What is a "respiratory burst"?
  3. What are "reactive nitrogen intermediates" (RNIs) and where are they produced?
  4. What are defensins? How do they act?