PBIO 250 Lecture Notes
James L. Reveal
Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland
LILIIDAE Takht., 1967: 2 orders, 19 families and about 26,500 species. Flowers generally 3-merous and often with the sepals petaloid with the stamens usually 3 or 6, the gynoecium mostly 3 carpelate and united to form a superior or inferior ovary. The fruit mostly a capsule, less often a berry or drupe, the seeds commonly with abundant endosperm. Summary from the University of Wisconsin.
Liliales Perleb, 1826 - see EB summary
Liliaceae Juss., 1789: Perennial herbs with showy, actinomorphic flowers of 3 petaloid sepals and 3 petals, 6 stamens and an inferior or superior ovary producing a capsule or berry. CA3 CO3 A6 GIS(3). 294 genera, 4550 species. Cosmopolitan. As defined by Cronquist an impossible taxon. Now divided into numerous orders and the following families, all of which were included in Liliaceae by Cronquist (see Reveal for more details): Tofieldiales Reveal & Zomlefer, 1998: Tofieldiaceae Takht., 1994 (1/18). Nartheciales Reveal & Zomlefer, 1998: Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon, 1846 (7/31). Petrosaviales Takht., 1997: Petrosaviaceae Hutch., 1934 (1/2). Melanthales R. Dahlg. ex Reveal, 1992: Chionographidaceae Takht., 1996 (1/2); Heloniadaceae J. Agardh, 1858 (1/1); Xerophyllaceae Takht., 1996 (1/2); Melanthiaceae Batsch, 1802 (7/80) - broadly defined by Watson and Dallwitz; Japonoliriaceae Takht., 1996 (1/1); Campynemataceae Dumort., 1829 (2/3). Trilliales Takht., 1997: Trilliaceae Lindl., 1846 (5/60). Alstroemeriales Hutch., 1934: Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., 1829 (4/150). Colchicales Dumort., 1829: Burchardiaceae Takht., 1996 (1/5); Colchicaceae DC., 1805 (15/275); Tricyridaceae Takht., 1997 (1/10); Uvulariaceae A. Gray ex Kunth, 1843 (3/20) - broadly defined by Watson and Dallwitz; Scoliopaceae Takht., 1996 (1/2); Calochortaceae Dumort., 1829 (1/60). Liliales Perleb, 1826: Liliaceae Juss., 1789 (13/550); Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht., 1987 (1/2). Hypoxidales Takht., 1997: Hypoxidaceae R. Br., 1814 (9/218). Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal, 1993: Lanariaceae H. Huber ex R. Dahlg. & Wyk (1/1); Ixioliriaceae (Pax) Nakai (1/4); Walleriaceae (R. Dahlgr.) Takht., 1994 (1/3); Tecophilaeaceae F. Leybold, 1862 (5/22); Cyanastraceae Engl., 1900 (1/6); Eriospermaceae Endl., 1841 (1/80). Amaryllidales Bromhead, 1840: Hyacinthaceae Batsch, 1786 (44/650); Themidaceae Salisb., 1866; Alliaceae J. Agardh, 1858 (36/885); Hesperocallidaceae Traub, 1972 (1/1); Amaryllidaceae Juss., 1789 (60/750). Asparagales Bromhead, 1838: Boryaceae (Baker) M. Chase, Rudall & Conran 1997; Convallariaceae Horan., 1834 (18/165); Ophiopogonaceae Endl., 1841 (3/55); Asparagaceae Juss., 1789 (1/100). Asteliales Dumort., 1829: Herreriaceae Endl., 1841 (2/9); Ruscaceae Spreng. ex Hutch., 1934 (3/8); Asteliaceae Dumort., 1829 (6/53). Agavales Hutch., 1934: Hemerocallidaceae R. Br., 1810 (1/16); Anthericaceae J. Agardh, 1858 (29/950); Blandfordiaceae Dahlg. & Clifford, 1985 (1/4); Aphyllanthaceae Burnett, 1835 (1/1); Hostaceae B. Mathew, 1988 (1/10). Includes many food, fiber and ornamental plants. In a strict sense, Liliaceae (10/350) consists of Cardiocrinum (3), Erythronium (23), Fritillaria (100), Gagea (90), Korolkowia (1), Lilium (10), Lloydia (12), Nomocharis (7), Notholirion (4) and Tulipa (100), nearly all worthy of consideration for the garden. Full description from Watson & Dallwitz - see Reveal for details; family synonymy from Reveal; list of genera from Kew; family synopsis from the University of Hawaii.
Iridaceae Juss., 1789: Perennial herbs with mostly folded basal leaves with small to large generally showy, actinomorphic or zygomorphic flowers of 3 petaloid sepals and 3 petals, 3 stamens and an inferior ovary producing a capsule. CA3 CO3 A3 GI(3). 70 genera, 1750 species. Cosmopolitan but near two-thirds found in southern Africa. Divided into four subfamilies: Isophysidoideae, Nivenioideae, Iridoideae Eaton and Ixioideae Rchb. ex Klatt. The larger genera are Iris (200), Gladiolus (150), Moraea (100), Romulea (80), Crocus (75), Watsonia (70), Babiana (60) and Sisyrinchium (60). Members of each genus are cultivated as ornamentals. Tigridia and Freesia are also commonly cultivated. This family is often placed in Iridales. Full description from Watson & Dallwitz; family synonymy from Reveal; list of genera from Kew; family synopsis from the University of Hawaii.
Agavaceae Endl., 1841: Robust shrubby or arborescent sometimes succulent plants with basal or crowded, stiff, often fleshy and sharply pointed leaves with actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic flowers producing a capsule. CA3 [CO3 A3+3] GIS(3). 18 genera, 580 species. Mainly of arid regions in both the Old and New worlds. The largest genus is Agave (300) which is used for fiber, fuel and a beverage; members of the genus are also widely cultivated. Dracaena, Sansevieria, Yucca and Nolina are also occasionally cultivated. The root of Yucca is a source of natural soap. Phormium is the source of New Zealand flax. Many recognize Asteliales and refer the following families to that order which were included in Agavaceae by Cronquist (see also under Liliaceae): Dracaenaceae (2/130: Dracaena and Sansevieria), Nolinaceae (3/50: Calibanus, Dasylirion, Nolina). In Agavales, Cronquist referred the following families to Agavaceae: Doryanthaceae (1/3: Doryanthes) and Phormiaceae J. Agardh, 1858 (1/2). Most current authors restrict Agavaceae to just ten genera: Hesperaloë, Samuela, Yucca in the Yuccoideae Kostel., and Agave, Deschorneria, Furcraea, Manfreda, Polianthes, Prochnyanthes and Pseudobravoa in the Agavoideae Herb. Aloe belongs to Aloaceae, this family included in a broadly defined Asphodelaceae by Watson and Dallwitz. Full description from Watson & Dallwitz - see also Doryanthaceae, Dracaeniaceae, Nolinaceae and Phormiaceae; family synonymy from Reveal; list of genera from Kew; family synopsis from the University of Hawaii
Smilacaceae Vent., 1799: Herbaceous or woody, occasionally prickly vines with stipular tendrils with alternate, net-veined leaves bearing unisexual actinomorphic flowers producing a berry. CA3 CO3 A3+3 G0 and CA3 CO3 A0 GS(3). 10 genera, 225 species. Mostly tropical. As defined by Cronquist mainly a family of tropical and subtropical regions, but with several in temperate regions of the world. The largest genus is Smilax (200), the catbriars. The flavoring sarsaparilla comes from the tubers of several tropical species. Most authors distinguish Luzuriagaceae Kunth, 1850 (5/9), Philesiaceae Dumort., 1829 (2/2), Petermanniaceae Hutch., 1934 (1/1) and Rhipogonaceae Conran & Clifford, 1985 (1/7), restricting Smilacaceae to three genera: Smilax, Heterosmilax, Pseudosmilax. Full description from Watson & Dallwitz - see also Rhipogonaceae (note the corrected orthography given in these notes); family synonymy from Reveal; list of genera from Kew; family synopsis from the University of Hawaii.
Orchidales Dumort., 1829
Orchidaceae Juss., 1789: Terrestrial, epiphytic or saprophytic perennial herbs with 2-ranked leaves and zygomorphic 3-merous flowers usually with a labelum or lip and pollinia, and an inferior ovary producing a capsule. CA3 COz (2+1 A1-2 GI(3). 804 genera, 18,500 species. Cosmopolitan but mainly tropical and subtropical. Many have highly specialized forms of pollination and produced minute, "dust" seeds that are often carried long distances by high altitude winds. Many species are cultivated as ornamentals and cut flowers, most of hybrid origin. Some of the most beautiful flowers belong to the family. The family is typically divided into three subfamilies: Apostasioideae Horan., Cypripedioideae Jostel. and Orchidoideae Eaton. Others recognize six subfamilies, adding Vanilloideae, Spiranthoideae and Epidendroideae Kostel (according to Thorne, 1999). When divided into families four are recognized: Apostasiaceae Lindl., 1833 (1/11), Neuwiediaceae (Burns-Balogh & Funk) Dahlg. ex Reveal & Hoogland, 1991 (1/7) Cypripediaceae Lindl., 1833 (4/99) and Orchidaceae (829/17,400). Full description from Watson & Dallwitz - see also Apostasiaceae and Cypripediaceae; family synonymy from Reveal; list of genera from Kew; family synopsis from the University of Hawaii. See also Cardillo & Samuels.