XVI International Botanical Congess

Ancestral temperate Turgayan Element arose in the Latest Cretaceous of Kazakhstan, and migrated from here eastward to the beginning of Paleogene. The latent period of its existence was completed to the Early Oligocene, when the true Turgayan Flora has formed in Central Asia. Tracing of the earliest appearance of the Turgayan Element on the East of Asia, North America and Europe shows the multiplicity of floristic exchanges between these territories from the Latest Cretaceous to the Middle Paleogene. At the Latest Cretaceous modern genera of Taxodiaceae and Betulaceae had appeared, though the modern Rosaceae and Juglandaceae are observed here only from the Middle Eocene. The last peak of intercontinental migrations was on the border of Oligocene and Miocene.+