XVI International Botanical Congess

We have amassed structural data for magnoliids and basal monocots and eudicots, including observations by Endress and Igersheim on flowers, to compare and combine with molecular data. Besides confirming agreements between previous analyses of both kinds of data (reduction of Magnoliales to six families, relation of Piperales, Lactoris, and Aristolochiaceae), our trees show shifts toward molecular results (separation of Illiciales from Winteraceae and of Amborella, Austrobaileya, Trimeniaceae, and Chloranthaceae from Laurales, relation of Winteraceae and Canellaceae), plus continued conflicts (association of Chloranthaceae, Amborella, and Trimeniaceae, Nymphaeales and paleoherbs). If angiosperms are rooted by molecular data, columellar pollen and ascidiate carpels sealed by secretion are primitive.