Lepturus R.Br.
From the Greek leptos (slender) and oura (tail), referring either to the linear lanceolate glume or (more likely) to the slender inflorescence.
Including Lepiurus Dum., Leptocercus Raf., Monerma P. Beauv.
Habit, vegetative morphology. Perennial; stoloniferous and caespitose. Culms 10–60 cm high; herbaceous; branched above, or unbranched above. Culm nodes glabrous. Culm internodes solid. Leaves not basally aggregated; non-auriculate. Leaf blades linear to linear-lanceolate; narrow; not setaceous; flat, or rolled (involute); without abaxial multicellular glands; without cross venation; persistent; an unfringed membrane.
Reproductive organization. Plants bisexual, with bisexual spikelets; with hermaphrodite florets.
Inflorescence. Inflorescence a single spike (almost cylindrical, the joints striate). Rachides hollowed. Inflorescence espatheate; not comprising ‘partial inflorescences’ and foliar organs. Spikelet-bearing axes with substantial rachides; disarticulating; disarticulating at the joints. ‘Articles’ non-linear (hollowed to receive the spikelets); not appendaged; disarticulating transversely, or disarticulating obliquely; glabrous. Spikelets solitary; not secund; distichous; sessile.
Female-fertile spikelets. Spikelets 3–15(–20) mm long; adaxial; compressed dorsiventrally; falling with the glumes. Rachilla prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret; the rachilla extension with incomplete florets. Hairy callus absent.
Glumes one per spikelet (the lower usually missing), or two; very unequal; (the upper) long relative to the adjacent lemmas; free; dorsiventral to the rachis; pointed; awnless, or awned (the G2 sometimes tapered into a short awn); very dissimilar (the lower, if present, reduced to a minute triangular scale, the upper exceeding the spikelet, thickened, with rows of minute bristles on the back). Lower glume 1 nerved. Upper glume 5–12 nerved. Spikelets with incomplete florets. The incomplete florets distal to the female-fertile florets. Spikelets without proximal incomplete florets.
Female-fertile florets 1–2. Lemmas less firm than the glumes (membranous); not becoming indurated; entire; pointed; awnless; hairy (minutely so, at the base), or hairless (glabrous); non-carinate; 3 nerved. Palea present (lanceolate); relatively long; not indurated (hyaline); 2-nerved; 2-keeled. Lodicules present; 2; free; fleshy; glabrous. Stamens 3. Anthers not penicillate. Ovary glabrous. Styles free to their bases. Stigmas 2; red pigmented.
Fruit, embryo and seedling. Fruit free from both lemma and palea; ellipsoid; compressed dorsiventrally. Hilum short. Pericarp free. Embryo large; not waisted. Endosperm hard; containing only simple starch grains.
Abaxial leaf blade epidermis. Costal/intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae present; costal and intercostal. Intercostal papillae not over-arching the stomata; several per cell (finger-like). Long-cells similar in shape costally and intercostally; of similar wall thickness costally and intercostally (fairly thin walled). Mid-intercostal long-cells rectangular; having markedly sinuous walls. Microhairs present; more or less spherical; clearly two-celled; chloridoid-type. Microhair apical cell wall of similar thickness/rigidity to that of the basal cell. Microhairs (22.5–)24–25.5(–28.5) microns long; (9.6–)10.5–11.4(–13.8) microns wide at the septum. Microhair total length/width at septum 1.6–2.7. Microhair apical cells (7.5–)9–11(–12) microns long. Microhair apical cell/total length ratio 0.29–0.47. Stomata common; 19.5–22.5 microns long. Subsidiaries triangular. Guard-cells overlapping to flush with the interstomatals. Intercostal short-cells common; in cork/silica-cell pairs, or not paired; silicified (a few), or not silicified. Intercostal silica bodies imperfectly developed; tall-and-narrow. Costal short-cells neither distinctly grouped into long rows nor predominantly paired. Costal silica bodies present in alternate cell files of the costal zones; saddle shaped; not sharp-pointed.
Transverse section of leaf blade, physiology. Lamina mid-zone in transverse section open.
C4; XyMS+. PCR sheath outlines uneven, or even. PCR sheaths of the primary vascular bundles interrupted; interrupted abaxially only. PCR sheath extensions absent. Mesophyll with radiate chlorenchyma; traversed by columns of colourless mesophyll cells, or not traversed by colourless columns. Leaf blade with distinct, prominent adaxial ribs; with the ribs more or less constant in size. Midrib conspicuous; having a conventional arc of bundles; with colourless mesophyll adaxially (adaxial colourless tissue sometimes also present in other parts of the blade). Bulliforms present in discrete, regular adaxial groups; in simple fans, or in simple fans and associated with colourless mesophyll cells to form deeply-penetrating fans (sometimes linked with girders of colourless cells). Many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma. Combined sclerenchyma girders present; forming ‘figures’. Sclerenchyma all associated with vascular bundles. The lamina margins with fibres.
Cytology. 2n = 14, 18, 26, 36, 52, and 54.
Taxonomy. Chloridoideae; main chloridoid assemblage.
Distribution, ecology, phytogeography. About 8 species; coastal east Africa, Madagascar, to Australia, & Polynesia. Xerophytic; species of open habitats; halophytic. Sandy beaches and coastal hinterland, usually good sandbinders.
Holarctic, Paleotropical, Cape, and Australian. Boreal. African, Madagascan, Indomalesian, Polynesian, and Neocaledonian. Eastern Asian. Saharo-Sindian and Sudano-Angolan. Indian, Indo-Chinese, Malesian, and Papuan. Hawaiian, Polynesian, and Fijian. North and East Australian. Somalo-Ethiopian and South Tropical African. Tropical North and East Australian.
Hybrids. Lepturopetium (q.v.) may be an intergeneric hybrid involving Lepturus as one parent.
Rusts and smuts. Rusts — Puccinia.
References, etc. Leaf anatomical: Metcalfe 1960; this project.
Illustrations. • General aspect, inflorescence. • Inflorescence
Cite this publication as: Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards). ‘Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References.’ http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. Version: 18th August 1999. Dallwitz (1980), Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993 onwards, 1998), and Watson and Dallwitz (1994), and Watson, Dallwitz, and Johnston (1986) should also be cited (see References).
