Dichelachne Endl.
From the Greek dichelos (cloven-footed) and achne (chaff, scale), referring to bilobed lemmas.
Habit, vegetative morphology. Annual, or perennial; caespitose. Culms 50130 cm high; herbaceous; unbranched above. Culm nodes glabrous. Culm internodes hollow. Leaves not basally aggregated; non-auriculate. Leaf blades narrow; without cross venation; persistent; an unfringed membrane; truncate; 24 mm long.
Reproductive organization. Plants bisexual, with bisexual spikelets; with hermaphrodite florets; inbreeding; exposed-cleistogamous, or chasmogamous.
Inflorescence. Inflorescence paniculate; contracted; spicate, or more or less irregular. Primary inflorescence branches where known, borne distichously. Inflorescence espatheate; not comprising partial inflorescences and foliar organs. Spikelet-bearing axes persistent. Spikelets not secund; pedicellate; not in distinct long-and-short combinations.
Female-fertile spikelets. Spikelets 5.59.5 mm long; compressed laterally; disarticulating above the glumes. Rachilla minutely prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret, or terminated by a female-fertile floret; the rachilla extension when present, naked. Hairy callus present. Callus short; blunt.
Glumes two; very unequal to more or less equal; (the upper) long relative to the adjacent lemmas (longer or slightly shorter than the floret); pointed (acuminate); awnless; carinate, or non-carinate; similar (hyaline to membranous). Lower glume 1 nerved. Upper glume 1(3) nerved. Spikelets with female-fertile florets only; without proximal incomplete florets.
Female-fertile florets 1(3). Lemmas linear to narrowly lanceolate; not convolute (involute); decidedly firmer than the glumes (the main, eqivocal distinction from Agrostis); not becoming indurated (thinly leathery); entire, or incised (tending to split); when incised, 2 lobed; not deeply cleft (no more than minutely notched); awned. Awns 1; median; from a sinus, or dorsal, or apical; from near the top; non-geniculate, or geniculate; usually recurving; much longer than the body of the lemma (usually 1.53 cm long); entered by one vein. Lemmas hairless; faintly 5 nerved. Palea present; relatively long; entire (acute); awnless, without apical setae; not indurated; 2-nerved; 2-keeled (furrowed). Lodicules present; free; membranous; glabrous; not toothed. Stamens 13. Anthers penicillate, or not penicillate. Ovary glabrous. Styles free to their bases. Stigmas 2; white.
Fruit, embryo and seedling. Fruit free from both lemma and palea; small; longitudinally grooved; compressed dorsiventrally. Hilum short, or long-linear. Embryo small; not waisted. Endosperm liquid in the mature fruit; with lipid; containing only simple starch grains. Embryo with an epiblast; without a scutellar tail; with a negligible mesocotyl internode. Embryonic leaf margins meeting.
First seedling leaf with a well-developed lamina.
Abaxial leaf blade epidermis. Costal/intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Long-cells similar in shape costally and intercostally (narrow); differing markedly in wall thickness costally and intercostally (the costals thicker walled). Mid-intercostal long-cells fusiform; having straight or only gently undulating walls. Microhairs absent. Stomata absent or very rare, or common. Subsidiaries parallel-sided. Intercostal short-cells absent or very rare; usually in cork/silica-cell pairs; silicified, or not silicified. Intercostal silica bodies when present, rounded. Costal short-cells neither distinctly grouped into long rows nor predominantly paired. Costal silica bodies horizontally-elongated crenate/sinuous, or horizontally-elongated smooth, or rounded.
Transverse section of leaf blade, physiology. C3; XyMS+. PBS cells without a suberised lamella. Mesophyll with non-radiate chlorenchyma. Leaf blade with distinct, prominent adaxial ribs, or nodular in section; with the ribs more or less constant in size. Midrib conspicuous, or not readily distinguishable; with one bundle only. Bulliforms present in discrete, regular adaxial groups (in the furrows); in simple fans. All the vascular bundles accompanied by sclerenchyma. Combined sclerenchyma girders present; nowhere forming figures. Sclerenchyma all associated with vascular bundles.
Culm anatomy. Culm internode bundles in one or two rings.
Special diagnostic feature. The upper part of the lemma without pappus-like hairs.
Cytology. Chromosome base number, x = 7. 2n = 70. 10 ploid.
Taxonomy. Pooideae; Poodae; Aveneae. Plumegrasses.
Distribution, ecology, phytogeography. 5 species; Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Timor, Pacific. Mesophytic, or xerophytic; species of open habitats. Forest margins and upland grasslands.
Paleotropical, Australian, and Antarctic. Indomalesian. Papuan. North and East Australian and South-West Australian. New Zealand. Tropical North and East Australian and Temperate and South-Eastern Australian.
Rusts and smuts. Rusts Puccinia. Taxonomically wide-ranging species: Puccinia graminis.
References, etc. Morphological/taxonomic: Veldkamp 1974. Leaf anatomical: Metcalfe 1960; this project.
Special comments. Separable only with difficulty from Calamagrostis, Agrostis and Deyeuxia.
Illustrations. General aspect. Inflorescence. Dichelachne sciurea.
Cite this publication as: Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards). ‘Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References.’ http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. Version: 18th August 1999. Dallwitz (1980), Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993 onwards, 1998), and Watson and Dallwitz (1994), and Watson, Dallwitz, and Johnston (1986) should also be cited (see References).